Evaluating the Learning Outcomes of Volleyball Overhead Passing in Secondary School Physical Education

Abstract

Physical education is expected to develop students' motor competence, social-emotional capacity, and lifelong engagement in physical activity, yet international and Indonesian evidence shows that many school programs still struggle to translate curricular intentions into high-quality skill learning. In volleyball instruction, the overhead pass is especially important because it links ball control, tactical continuity, and cooperative play, but it is also highly sensitive to the quality of feedback, movement coordination, and learner motivation. This study aimed to evaluate the learning outcomes of overhead passing among Grade XI students at SMA Negeri 2 Tenggarong Seberang during the 2024/2025 academic year and to identify the pedagogical and contextual factors that shape performance. The study employed a descriptive qualitative design with performance-based assessment, classroom observation, and documentation review. Thirty-four students participated through purposive sampling. Overhead-pass performance was assessed through three successive trials and interpreted using an interactive qualitative analysis model supported by categorical score displays. The findings show that most students were in the good category (65%), while 26% were in the less good category, 6% in the not good category, and only 3% in the very good category. These results indicate that the class had generally acquired the basic mechanics of overhead passing, but advanced consistency, precision, and tactical readiness remained limited. Observational evidence strongly associates performance quality with differences in attentiveness to feedback, movement confidence, and instructional responsiveness. The study concludes that adaptive, feedback-rich, and student-centered instruction strengthens mastery of overhead passing. The article contributes empirical and conceptual insight for teachers, curriculum developers, and researchers seeking to improve evidence-based volleyball instruction in secondary education.